A Guide to the
SCRUM BODY OF KNOWLEDGE
(SBOK™ GUIDE)
Third Edition
Includes two chapters about Scaling Scrum for
Large Projects and the Enterprise
A Comprehensive Guide to Deliver Projects using ScrumA Guide to the
SCRUM BODY OF KNOWLEDGE
(SBOK™ Guide)
Third Edition
Includes two chapters about Scaling Scrum for
Large Projects and the Enterprise
A Comprehensive Guide to Deliver Projects using Scrum
© 2017 SCRUMstudy™, a brand of VMEdu, Inc. All rights reserved.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
A Guide to the Scrum Body of Knowledge (SBOK™ Guide) –Third edition
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN: 978-098992520-4
1. Scrum Framework. I. SCRUMstudy™. II. SBOK™ Guide
2013950625
ISBN: 978-0-9899252-0-4
Published by:
SCRUMstudy™, a brand of VMEdu, Inc.
12725 W. Indian School Road, Suite F-112
Avondale, Arizona 85392 USA
Email: [email protected]
Website: www.scrumstudy.com
“SBOK”, the SCRUMstudy logo, “SFC”, “SDC”, “SMC”, “SAMC”, “SPOC”, and “ESMC” are trademarks of SCRUMstudy™ (a
brand of VMEdu, Inc.) For a comprehensive list of SCRUMstudy™ marks, contact the SCRUMstudy™ Legal Department.
A Guide to the Scrum Body of Knowledge (SBOK™ Guide) is provided for educational purposes. SCRUMstudy™ or VMEdu,
Inc. does not warrant that it is suitable for any other purpose and makes no expressed or implied warranty of any kind and
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10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2
PREFACE
A Guide to the Scrum Body of Knowledge (SBOK™ Guide) provides guidelines for the successful
implementation of Scrum—the most popular Agile product development and project delivery approach.
Scrum, as defined in the SBOK™ Guide, is a framework which is applicable to portfolios, programs, or
projects of any size or complexity; and may be applied effectively in any industry to create a product,
service, or other result.
The SBOK™ Guide is intended for use as a reference and knowledge guide by both experienced Scrum and
other product or service development practitioners, as well as by persons with no prior experience or
knowledge of Scrum or any other project delivery method. This new edition of the SBOK™ Guide provides
additional insight into Scrum best practices, particularly in the areas of scaling Scrum. Two chapters have
been added to the SBOK™ Guide to specifically address scaling Scrum for large projects (Chapter 13), and
scaling Scrum for the Enterprise (Chapter 14). As the popularity and application of the Scrum framework
grows and evolves globally, our goal is to share the lessons learned and best practices as part of the
SBOK™ Guide.
The SBOK™ Guide draws from the combined knowledge and insight gained from thousands of projects
across a variety of organizations and industries. This Third Edition adds to the collective contributions of
experts in Scrum and project delivery. In particular, feedback from the global Scrum community played a
large role in identifying improvements and additions to the SBOK™ Guide. Its development has truly been a
collaborative effort from a large number of experts and practitioners in a variety of disciplines.
Wide adoption of the SBOK™ Guide framework standardizes how Scrum is applied to projects across
organizations globally, as well as significantly helps to improve their Return on Investment. Additionally, it
promotes greater thought and deliberation regarding the application of Scrum to many types of projects,
which will in turn contribute towards expanding and enriching the body of knowledge and consequently
future updates to this guide.
Although the SBOK™ Guide is a comprehensive guide and framework for delivering projects using Scrum,
its contents are organized for easy reference, regardless of the reader’s prior knowledge on the subject. I
hope each reader will learn from and enjoy it as much as the many authors and reviewers learned from and
enjoyed the process of collating the collective knowledge and wisdom contained within it.
Tridibesh Satpathy,
Lead Author, SBOK™ Guide
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.
INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................. 1
1.1
Overview of Scrum ................................................................................................................... 2
1.1.1
Brief History of Scrum ...................................................................................................... 3
1.2 Why Use Scrum? ..................................................................................................................... 4
1.2.1
Scalability of Scrum .......................................................................................................... 5
1.3
1.4
Purpose of the SBOK™ Guide ................................................................................................. 6
Framework of the SBOK™ Guide ............................................................................................ 7
1.4.1
1.4.2
1.4.3
1.4.4
How to Use the SBOK™ Guide?...................................................................................... 8
Scrum Principles .............................................................................................................. 8
Scrum Aspects ............................................................................................................... 10
Scrum Processes ........................................................................................................... 15
1.5
Scrum vs. Traditional Project Management ........................................................................... 20
2. PRINCIPLES .................................................................................................................................. 21
2.1
2.2
2.3
Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 21
Roles Guide ........................................................................................................................... 22
Empirical Process Control ...................................................................................................... 22
2.3.1
Publicité
2.3.2
2.3.3
Transparency ................................................................................................................. 22
Inspection ....................................................................................................................... 23
Adaptation ...................................................................................................................... 24
2.4
Self-organization .................................................................................................................... 26
2.4.1
Benefits of Self-organization .......................................................................................... 26
2.5
Collaboration .......................................................................................................................... 28
2.5.1
2.5.2
Benefits of Collaboration in Scrum Projects ................................................................... 29
Importance of Colocation in Collaboration ..................................................................... 30
2.6
2.7
Value-based Prioritization ...................................................................................................... 31
Time-boxing ........................................................................................................................... 32
2.7.1
Scrum Time-boxes ......................................................................................................... 33
2.8
2.9
Iterative Development ............................................................................................................ 35
Scrum vs. Traditional Project Management ........................................................................... 37
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3. ORGANIZATION ............................................................................................................................ 39
3.1
3.2
3.3
Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 39
Roles Guide ........................................................................................................................... 40
Scrum Project Roles .............................................................................................................. 40
3.3.1
3.3.2
Core Roles ..................................................................................................................... 40
Non-core Roles .............................................................................................................. 42
3.4
Product Owner ....................................................................................................................... 44
3.4.1
3.4.2
3.4.3
3.4.4
Voice of the Customer (VOC) ........................................................................................ 45
Chief Product Owner ...................................................................................................... 45
Program Product Owner ................................................................................................ 46
Portfolio Product Owner ................................................................................................. 46
3.5
Scrum Master ......................................................................................................................... 47
3.5.1
3.5.2
3.5.3
Chief Scrum Master ....................................................................................................... 48
Program Scrum Master .................................................................................................. 49
Portfolio Scrum Master ................................................................................................... 50
3.6
Scrum Team .......................................................................................................................... 50
3.6.1
3.6.2
Personnel Selection ....................................................................................................... 51
Scrum Team Size........................................................................................................... 52
3.7
Scrum in Projects, Programs, and Portfolios .......................................................................... 52
3.7.1
3.7.2
Definition of Project, Program, and Portfolio .................................................................. 52
Maintaining Stakeholder Involvement ............................................................................ 54
3.8
3.9
Summary of Responsibilities .................................................................................................. 55
Scrum vs. Traditional Project Management ........................................................................... 56
3.10 Popular HR Theories and their Relevance to Scrum .............................................................. 57
3.10.1
Tuckman’s Model of Group Dynamics ........................................................................... 57
3.10.2 Conflict Management ..................................................................................................... 58
3.10.3 Conflict Management Techniques .................................................................................. 58
3.10.4
Leadership Styles .......................................................................................................... 59
3.10.5 Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Theory ............................................................................. 62
3.10.6
Theory X and Theory Y .................................................................................................. 63
4. BUSINESS JUSTIFICATION ......................................................................................................... 65
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4.1
4.2
4.3
Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 65
Roles Guide ........................................................................................................................... 66
Value-driven Delivery ............................................................................................................. 66
4.3.1
4.3.2
Responsibilities of the Product Owner in Business Justification ..................................... 68
Responsibilities of Other Scrum Roles in Business Justification .................................... 68
4.4
Importance of Business Justification ...................................................................................... 69
4.4.1
4.4.2
Factors Used to Determine Business Justification ......................................................... 69
Business Justification and the Project Lifecycle ............................................................. 70
Publicité
4.5
Business Justification Techniques ......................................................................................... 72
4.5.1
4.5.2
4.5.3
4.5.4
Estimation of Project Value ............................................................................................ 72
Planning for Value .......................................................................................................... 74
Relative Prioritization Ranking ....................................................................................... 76
Story Mapping ................................................................................................................ 76
4.6
Continuous Value Justification ............................................................................................... 76
4.6.1
4.6.2
Earned Value Analysis ................................................................................................... 77
Cumulative Flow Diagram (CFD) ................................................................................... 79
4.7
Confirm Benefits Realization .................................................................................................. 80
4.7.1
Prototypes, Simulations, and Demonstrations ............................................................... 80
4.8
4.9
Summary of Responsibilities .................................................................................................. 81
Scrum vs. Traditional Project Management ........................................................................... 82
5. QUALITY........................................................................................................................................ 83
5.1
5.2
5.3
Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 83
Roles Guide ........................................................................................................................... 84
Quality Defined ...................................................................................................................... 84
5.3.1
5.3.2
Quality and Scope .......................................................................................................... 84
Quality and Business Value ........................................................................................... 85
5.4
Acceptance Criteria and the Prioritized Product Backlog ....................................................... 86
5.4.1
5.4.2
5.4.3
5.4.4
Writing Acceptance Criteria ............................................................................................ 88
Definition of Done .......................................................................................................... 88
Minimum Done Criteria .................................................................................................. 89
Acceptance or Rejection of Prioritized Product Backlog Items ....................................... 90
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5.5
Quality Management in Scrum ............................................................................................... 90
5.5.1
5.5.2
5.5.3
Quality Planning ............................................................................................................. 91
Quality Control and Quality Assurance .......................................................................... 92
Plan-Do-Check-Act (PDCA) Cycle ................................................................................. 93
5.6
5.7
Summary of Responsibilities .................................................................................................. 94
Scrum vs. Traditional Project Management ........................................................................... 95
6. CHANGE ........................................................................................................................................ 97
6.1
6.2
6.3
Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 97
Roles Guide ........................................................................................................................... 98
Overview ................................................................................................................................ 98
6.3.1
Unapproved and Approved Change Requests ............................................................... 99
6.4
Change in Scrum ................................................................................................................. 100
6.4.1
6.4.2
Balancing Flexibility and Stability ................................................................................. 100
Achieving Flexibility ...................................................................................................... 101
6.5
Integrating Change .............................................................................................................. 106
6.5.1
Changes to a Sprint ..................................................................................................... 106
6.6
Change in Portfolios and Programs ..................................................................................... 111
6.6.1
6.6.2
In Portfolio .................................................................................................................... 112
In Program ................................................................................................................... 112
6.7
6.8
Summary of Responsibilities ................................................................................................ 114
Scrum vs. Traditional Project Management ......................................................................... 115
7. RISK ............................................................................................................................................ 117
7.1
7.2
Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 117
Roles Guide ......................................................................................................................... 118
7.3 What is Risk? ....................................................................................................................... 118
7.3.1
7.3.2
Difference between Risks and Issues .......................................................................... 118
Risk Attitude ................................................................................................................. 119
7.4
Risk Management Procedure ............................................................................................... 120
7.4.1
Publicité
7.4.2
7.4.3
Risk Identification ......................................................................................................... 120
Risk Assessment ......................................................................................................... 121
Risk Prioritization ......................................................................................................... 125
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7.4.4
7.4.5
Risk Mitigation .............................................................................................................. 126
Risk Communication .................................................................................................... 127
7.5
7.6
Minimizing Risks through Scrum .......................................................................................... 129
Risks in Portfolios and Programs ......................................................................................... 130
7.6.1
7.6.2
In Portfolio .................................................................................................................... 130
In Program ................................................................................................................... 130
7.7
7.8
Summary of Responsibilities ................................................................................................ 132
Scrum vs. Traditional Project Management ......................................................................... 133
8.
INITIATE ...................................................................................................................................... 135
8.1
Create Project Vision ........................................................................................................... 139
8.1.1
8.1.2
8.1.3
Inputs ........................................................................................................................... 141
Tools ............................................................................................................................ 143
Outputs ........................................................................................................................ 145
8.2
Identify Scrum Master and Stakeholder(s) ........................................................................... 146
8.2.1
8.2.2
8.2.3
Inputs ........................................................................................................................... 148
Tools ............................................................................................................................ 150
Outputs ........................................................................................................................ 151
8.3
Form Scrum Team ............................................................................................................... 152
8.3.1
8.3.2
8.3.3
Inputs ........................................................................................................................... 154
Tools ............................................................................................................................ 155
Outputs ........................................................................................................................ 156
8.4
Develop Epic(s) .................................................................................................................... 158
8.4.1
8.4.2
8.4.3
Inputs ........................................................................................................................... 159
Tools ............................................................................................................................ 162
Outputs ........................................................................................................................ 164
8.5
Create Prioritized Product Backlog ...................................................................................... 166
8.5.1
8.5.2
8.5.3
Inputs ........................................................................................................................... 168
Tools ............................................................................................................................ 169
Outputs ........................................................................................................................ 171
8.6
Conduct Release Planning ................................................................................................... 173
8.6.1
Inputs ........................................................................................................................... 175
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8.6.2
8.6.3
Tools ............................................................................................................................ 176
Outputs ........................................................................................................................ 177
8.7
Phase Data Flow Diagram ................................................................................................... 179
9. PLAN AND ESTIMATE ................................................................................................................ 181
9.1
Create User Stories.............................................................................................................. 185
9.1.1
9.1.2
9.1.3
Inputs ........................................................................................................................... 186
Tools ............................................................................................................................ 188
Outputs ........................................................................................................................ 189
9.2
Estimate User Stories .......................................................................................................... 191
9.2.1
9.2.2
9.2.3
Inputs ........................................................................................................................... 192
Tools ............................................................................................................................ 192
Outputs ........................................................................................................................ 194
9.3
Commit User Stories ............................................................................................................ 196
9.3.1
9.3.2
9.3.3
Inputs ........................................................................................................................... 197
Tools ............................................................................................................................ 198
Publicité
Outputs ........................................................................................................................ 198
9.4
Identify Tasks ....................................................................................................................... 199
9.4.1
9.4.2
9.4.3
Inputs ........................................................................................................................... 200
Tools ............................................................................................................................ 200
Outputs ........................................................................................................................ 201
9.5
Estimate Tasks .................................................................................................................... 203
9.5.1
9.5.2
9.5.3
Inputs ........................................................................................................................... 204
Tools ............................................................................................................................ 205
Outputs ........................................................................................................................ 206
9.6
Create Sprint Backlog .......................................................................................................... 207
9.6.1
9.6.2
9.6.3
Inputs ........................................................................................................................... 208
Tools ............................................................................................................................ 208
Outputs ........................................................................................................................ 209
9.7
Phase Data Flow Diagram ................................................................................................... 211
10.
IMPLEMENT ............................................................................................................................ 213
10.1 Create Deliverables.............................................................................................................. 217
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10.1.1
Inputs ........................................................................................................................... 218
10.1.2
Tools ............................................................................................................................ 220
10.1.3 Outputs ........................................................................................................................ 221
10.2 Conduct Daily Standup ........................................................................................................ 223
10.2.1
Inputs ........................................................................................................................... 224
10.2.2
Tools ............................................................................................................................ 225
10.2.3 Outputs ........................................................................................................................ 226
10.3 Groom Prioritized Product Backlog ...................................................................................... 228
10.3.1
Inputs ........................................................................................................................... 229
10.3.2
Tools ............................................................................................................................ 231
10.3.3 Outputs ........................................................................................................................ 232
10.4 Phase Data Flow Diagram ................................................................................................... 233
11.
REVIEW AND RETROSPECT ................................................................................................. 235
11.1 Demonstrate and Validate Sprint ......................................................................................... 237
11.1.1
Inputs ........................................................................................................................... 239
11.1.2
Tools ............................................................................................................................ 240
11.1.3 Outputs ........................................................................................................................ 241
11.2 Retrospect Sprint ................................................................................................................. 242
11.2.1
Inputs ........................................................................................................................... 243
11.2.2
Tools ............................................................................................................................ 244
11.2.3 Outputs ........................................................................................................................ 246
11.3 Phase Data Flow Diagram ................................................................................................... 247
12.
RELEASE ................................................................................................................................ 249
12.1 Ship Deliverables ................................................................................................................. 251
12.1.1
Inputs ........................................................................................................................... 252
12.1.2
Tools ............................................................................................................................ 254
12.1.3 Outputs ........................................................................................................................ 255
12.2 Retrospect Project ............................................................................................................... 256
12.2.1
Inputs ........................................................................................................................... 257
12.2.2
Tools ............................................................................................................................ 258
12.2.3 Outputs ........................................................................................................................ 259
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12.3 Phase Data Flow Diagram ................................................................................................... 260
13.
SCALING SCRUM FOR LARGE PROJECTS ......................................................................... 261
13.1 Create Large Project Components ....................................................................................... 265
13.1.1
Inputs ........................................................................................................................... 266
13.1.2
Tools ............................................................................................................................ 269
13.1.3 Outputs ........................................................................................................................ 270
13.2 Conduct and Coordinate Sprints .......................................................................................... 274
13.2.1
Inputs ........................................................................................................................... 276
13.2.2
Tools ............................................................................................................................ 278
13.2.3 Outputs ........................................................................................................................ 279
13.3 Prepare Large Project Release ............................................................................................ 280
13.3.1
Inputs ..........................................................................................................................