Eric von Hippel
Democratizing Innovation
The MIT Press Cambridge, Massachusetts London, England
Contents
Acknowledgements ix
1 Introduction and Overview 1
2 Development of Products by Lead Users 19
3 Why Many Users Want Custom Products 33
4 Users Innovate-or-Buy Decisions 45
5 Users Low-Cost Innovation Niches 63
6 Why Users Often Freely Reveal Their Innovations 77
7 Innovation Communities 93
8 Adapting Policy to User Innovation 107
9 Democratizing Innovation 121
10 Application: Searching for Lead User Innovations 133
11 Application: Toolkits for User Innovation and Custom Design 147
12 Linking User Innovation to Other Phenomena and Fields 165
Notes 179
Bibliography 183
Index 197
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Introduction
When I say that innovation is being democratized, I mean that users of products and servicesboth firms
and individual consumersare increasingly able to innovate for themselves. User-centered innovation
processes offer great advantages over the manufacturer-centric innovation development systems that
have been the mainstay of commerce for hundreds of years. Users that innovate can develop exactly
what they want, rather than relying on manufacturers to act as their (often very imperfect) agents.
Moreover, individual users do not have to develop everything they need on their own: they can benefit
from innovations developed and freely shared by others. The trend toward democratization of innovation
applies to information products such as software and also to physical products
Open and User Innovation (OUI)
2016 OUI Conference Topics & Chairs
Topics
Chair(s)
Communities: User Innovation and
Open Source
Christopher Lettl, Vienna University of Economics &
Business
Johann Fuller, Universit t Innsbruck
Contests, Crowdsourcing and Open
Innovation
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Karim Lakhani, Harvard Business School
Frank Piller, RWTH Aachen University
Kevin Boudreau, Harvard Business School
Crowdfunding
Lars Bo Jeppesen, Copenhagen Business School
Pedro Oliveira, Cat lica-Lisbon School of Business &
Economics
Firm's Interactions with User Innovation Christina Raasch, TUM School of Management
Joachim Henkel, TUM School of Management
Law, Policy and IP
Toolkits and Problem Solving
User Innovation and Diffusion
Katherine Strandburg, New York University School of
Law
Andrew Torrance, University of Kansas, School of Law
Nik Franke, Vienna University of Economics and
Business
Georg von Krogh, ETH Zurich
Eric von Hippel, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Dietmar Harhoff, Max Planck Institute for Innovation &
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Competition
Jeroen de Jong, Utrecht University School of
Economics
User Innovation and Psychology
Ruth Stock Homburg, Technische Universit t
Darmstadt
User Innovation in Healthcare
Pedro Oliveira, Cat lica-Lisbon School of Business &
Economics
Stephen Flowers, Kent Business School, University of
Kent
Eric von Hippel, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Sharing Economy and Platforms
Christoph Hienerth, Otto Beisheim School of
Management
Hubert Guillaud Open and User Innovation
http://www.internetactu.net/2012/06/28/von-hippel-le-paradigme-de-linnovation-par-lutilisateur/
Nous sommes au milieu du plus grand changement de paradigme dans le management depuis
des d cennies , estime le c l bre professeur de management. Nous passons du paradigme
Schumpeterien dune innovation centr e sur les producteurs une innovation centr e sur les
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utilisateurs. Pour Schumpeter dans La Th orie du d veloppement conomique (1934), ce sont
les producteurs qui initient le changement conomique et, si n cessaire, duquent les
consommateurs qui les suivent .
Image : les paradigmes de linnovateur et du producteur. Tir s de l tude de von Hippel et
Christina Raasch.
Lutilisateur innove, le producteur produit
Image : le nouveau paradigme de linnovation, tir de larticle L ge du consommateur
innovateur .
Image : Toutes les innovations invent es par les consommateurs ne donnent pas lieu
produit ou protection. Via la revue de management du MITSloan.
Il ny a pas dinnovation sans collaboration ouverte
Les politiques dinnovation doivent favoriser la collaboration entre utilisateurs et
producteurs
Faire de la conception est co teux aux producteurs, rappelle von Hippel. La faire faire par
les utilisateurs, comme cest d j le cas, ne devrait pas tre lobjet dune guerre entre
producteurs et utilisateurs, mais devrait tre une piste nouvelle de collaboration entre eux.