Democratizing Innovation

User Innovation, Open Innovation, Management · textbook

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Eric von Hippel

Democratizing Innovation

The MIT Press Cambridge, Massachusetts London, England

Contents

Acknowledgements ix

1 Introduction and Overview 1

2 Development of Products by Lead Users 19

3 Why Many Users Want Custom Products 33

4 Users Innovate-or-Buy Decisions 45

5 Users Low-Cost Innovation Niches 63

6 Why Users Often Freely Reveal Their Innovations 77

7 Innovation Communities 93

8 Adapting Policy to User Innovation 107

9 Democratizing Innovation 121

10 Application: Searching for Lead User Innovations 133

11 Application: Toolkits for User Innovation and Custom Design 147

12 Linking User Innovation to Other Phenomena and Fields 165

Notes 179

Bibliography 183

Index 197

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Introduction

When I say that innovation is being democratized, I mean that users of products and servicesboth firms

and individual consumersare increasingly able to innovate for themselves. User-centered innovation

processes offer great advantages over the manufacturer-centric innovation development systems that

have been the mainstay of commerce for hundreds of years. Users that innovate can develop exactly

what they want, rather than relying on manufacturers to act as their (often very imperfect) agents.

Moreover, individual users do not have to develop everything they need on their own: they can benefit

from innovations developed and freely shared by others. The trend toward democratization of innovation

applies to information products such as software and also to physical products

Open and User Innovation (OUI)

2016 OUI Conference Topics & Chairs

Topics

Chair(s)

Communities: User Innovation and

Open Source

Christopher Lettl, Vienna University of Economics &

Business

Johann Fuller, Universit t Innsbruck

Contests, Crowdsourcing and Open

Innovation

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Karim Lakhani, Harvard Business School

Frank Piller, RWTH Aachen University

Kevin Boudreau, Harvard Business School

Crowdfunding

Lars Bo Jeppesen, Copenhagen Business School

Pedro Oliveira, Cat lica-Lisbon School of Business &

Economics

Firm's Interactions with User Innovation Christina Raasch, TUM School of Management

Joachim Henkel, TUM School of Management

Law, Policy and IP

Toolkits and Problem Solving

User Innovation and Diffusion

Katherine Strandburg, New York University School of

Law

Andrew Torrance, University of Kansas, School of Law

Nik Franke, Vienna University of Economics and

Business

Georg von Krogh, ETH Zurich

Eric von Hippel, Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Dietmar Harhoff, Max Planck Institute for Innovation &

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Competition

Jeroen de Jong, Utrecht University School of

Economics

User Innovation and Psychology

Ruth Stock Homburg, Technische Universit t

Darmstadt

User Innovation in Healthcare

Pedro Oliveira, Cat lica-Lisbon School of Business &

Economics

Stephen Flowers, Kent Business School, University of

Kent

Eric von Hippel, Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Sharing Economy and Platforms

Christoph Hienerth, Otto Beisheim School of

Management

Hubert Guillaud Open and User Innovation

http://www.internetactu.net/2012/06/28/von-hippel-le-paradigme-de-linnovation-par-lutilisateur/

Nous sommes au milieu du plus grand changement de paradigme dans le management depuis

des d cennies , estime le c l bre professeur de management. Nous passons du paradigme

Schumpeterien dune innovation centr e sur les producteurs une innovation centr e sur les

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utilisateurs. Pour Schumpeter dans La Th orie du d veloppement conomique (1934), ce sont

les producteurs qui initient le changement conomique et, si n cessaire, duquent les

consommateurs qui les suivent .

Image : les paradigmes de linnovateur et du producteur. Tir s de l tude de von Hippel et

Christina Raasch.

Lutilisateur innove, le producteur produit

Image : le nouveau paradigme de linnovation, tir de larticle L ge du consommateur

innovateur .

Image : Toutes les innovations invent es par les consommateurs ne donnent pas lieu

produit ou protection. Via la revue de management du MITSloan.

Il ny a pas dinnovation sans collaboration ouverte

Les politiques dinnovation doivent favoriser la collaboration entre utilisateurs et

producteurs

Faire de la conception est co teux aux producteurs, rappelle von Hippel. La faire faire par

les utilisateurs, comme cest d j le cas, ne devrait pas tre lobjet dune guerre entre

producteurs et utilisateurs, mais devrait tre une piste nouvelle de collaboration entre eux.